LOWER AND HIGHER ENGLISH IN NOVELS

LOWER AND HIGHER ENGLISH IN NOVELS

Suryo Sudiro

Universitas teknologi Yogyakarta

Jl.Ringroad Utara, Jombor, Sleman 55285

Email : sudiro71@gmail.com

Reviewed by Lu’lu faridah

INTRODUCTION

            Literary work is some work art that created by human’s imagination. Literary work is not only of book as beautiful word, but it can be referenced by reader and the reader can know some history and information of the literary work. The reader also will find out the intrinsic element of the literary work such as setting, character, plot, language, etc. In novel, there present intrinsic element that freedom and wide. The reader can get information and experience of the novel. They also will think critical to understanding some work art.

            Intrinsic element present plot, character, setting of place, and style of the language that use in the literary work. For there element, it can help the reader to understand about the story in the literary work. Style language in intrinsic element will give interesting to the reader to read the literary work that created by author. If the reader will interest to read, so the purpose of author to use the style language that goal. The author will think to make some literary work and take the situation or condition in some place, setting, character of the player in the work that suitable with her/ his skill to develop and describe it to reader and become interest to read. Intrinsic literature is the important to make and analyze some literary work by reader and author.

            Learning of intrinsic element, it can see some character or subjectivity of the author because the reader was differenting one literary work with some author that different with the other. Sometime, after the reader read some literary work one reader and other reader maybe can have same thinking. When the author create some work, they will choose the background of literary work such as the author marxism and feminism. For the marxism, the author that believe about the social and historical of the life. Then, feminism, the author believe the women struggle in the life.

LANGUAGE

            The structure of journal’s Suryo Sudiro is correct, because the reader can understand about the meaning of point that delivered by author.

            The vocab that use is variation, because the vocab can increase new word to the reader and give some new information. It can be material to reader to think criticism of the word. So the reader differenting one word to other word and the same of word that use in structure.

RESPONSE

            In my opinion, the journal can help the reader to get information and knowledge in activity reading. It can also make the reader be critical thinking to analyze some literary work. Literary work can be material to the reader to share about the social, culture and condition of environment in some place. Learn literary work, we also learn the element include in the work. Literary work needs language to develop of word in the work. So, language is important in anything to improve skill writing,speak and communicate to other people.

NOVEL FOR READERS

            Novel is some work with long word that created by author. The novel can be valuable of book to learn of reader. There are have intrinsic element to show the condition of story. The reader also can get life issues of the novel that created by author. Sometime, the author take some issue in the environment to write in the story. For novel, the reader see the intrinsic element such as plot, setting, character, setting and point of view of novel. In intrinsic element, the reader can understanding and know about the meaning of word in the novel. So, it help the reader the increase their knowledge and information from literary work. The reader also think criticism and analyze of the novel.

            From the literary work, some reader can share some idea to express of literary theory, because it may help a reader find the relationship between an author and the reader. with the literary theory, the reader can develop his/her idea of the text.

            For the conclude, the language can help the reader to improve and their skill writing. The reader can get some information and reference of the literary work. It can be the reader has critical thinking.

HIGHER AND LOWER ENGLISH IN NOVELS

            Language is the only significant medium to present literature. They consider language an important meaning through language. The meaning of what is articulated with language in a text is not only seen as something produced by the readers and by language itself. Language in literature is indeed seen differently. Literature that is consider special special must have special language or the language that is different from the one used in daily conversation. It uses language as the second order of semiotic system because it does not simply describe something but it rather creates “something new”.

            Standart language that use in education writing is British. The education becomes a system that established Standard English. Goverment and media become the institutions that maintain its power. One of the standard varieties that are used by schools and other formal institutions in the world is Standard American English. The standard language is considered to have a social power. The predominantly characteristics of those who process it are people on top of socioeconomic hierarchy and people who come from major intustrial areas. The other primdominality characteristics are males, mostly whites, middle aged or upper middle aged, collage or university educated. According to Dennis R. Preston Non-Standart English refers to three types : 1. Lower-status usage, 2.  Usage among prejudicied –against groups, regardless of status, although uniform low status is often mistakely attributed to such groups, and 3. rapid, colloquial, slangy, and obscene use ( in Watts and Trudgill, 2002).

            To see the characteristics of American English, we can see the features of American English that are considered vernacular American English. One of them is the phenomena of multiple negation. In vernacular American English, the simple past tense can be expressed by verb forms that are considered past participle form in the standard.

            A vernacular dialect may contrast with the standard one (Poedjosoedarmo, 2000). To identify the differentiating features of standard and vernacular forms, we need to contrast an item considered standard to other items considered vernacular.

            In addition, readers may also find nonstandard English in literary works. The varieties are written by authors who speak and understand English well. Nonstandard English is considered lower since it is used by working class people. The variety is considered broken or vernacular. It is chat of lower class society or the chat of people who lack education. The authors demonstrate that condition in their narration. They attempt to illustrate the difference between the characters who speak non standard and them, people who have a higher level education.

CONCLUSION

            Literary work is not only some work that use beautiful word, but it can be reference to the reader to have critical thinking to analyze some work. There are intrinsic element such as plot, character, setting, style, and point of view. Sometime, the author take some language use standard and non standard language to show that the characters have different classes. The ones using standard language are considered higher that the ones using the nonstandard.

VOCABULARY C

Vocabulary C

NO	WORD	TRANSCRIPT	CLASS OF WORD	MEANING	SENTENCE
1	Calm	/ka:m/	Adjective	not excited	They are calm in their room
2	Campaign	/kaem'pein/	Noun	Series of planned activities with a particularaim	Several student are campaign in outside Goverment building
3	Cancel	/'kaensel/	Verb	Say that something already arranged will not be ddone or happen	Departing of flight will cancel a few minutes
4	Capacity	/k∂'paesati/	Noun	Number of people	The capacity student is 40 in the class room
5	Case	/keis/	Noun	Partical situation	Case of traffic jam is the people always use privat transportation
6	Celebrate	/.selibreit/	Verb	Mark a special occasion by enjoying yourself	My friend has celebrated their birthday in Hotel
7	Change	/t∫eindᶾ	Verb	Make a something different	She has changed final project by well
8	Chicken	/'t∫ikin/	Noun	large bird,often kept for its eggs or meat	My mother has cooked some chicken two days ago
9	Come	/kᴧm/	Verb	move toward the speaker or the place to wich he/she is referring	You brother come to grandmother last week
10	congratule	/ken:gliaetjuleit/	verb	tell somebody  are pleased about their succes or achievements	They are congratuling school aniversity together
11	conform	/k∂n'fᴐ:m/	Verb	Keep to generally accepted rules standarts	We can conform with siocety is well
12	Cloudy	/klaudi/	Adjective	If line, roads or paths converge, they move toward the same point where join or meet	The sky looks cloudy, so we can anticipate to bring umbrella
13	Choice	/t∫ᴐis/	Noun	Choosing between two or possiblities	She choose to read a novel than article or news
14	Collect	/k∂'lekt/	Verb	Come together	Their assignment will collect in Suryo's room tomorrow
15	Combination	/kɒmbi'nei∫n/	Noun	Number of things	My sister make cake with banana cobination
16	Complete	/k∂m'pli:t	Adjective	Having all its parts	My document to apply the job is complete
17	Cook	/ku:k/	Verb	Prepare food by healthing it	She cooks soup in the kitchen
18	Clean	/kli:n/	Verb	not dirty	I am cleaning my room now
19	Coffe	/'kɒfi/	Noun	Powder obtained by grinding the roasted	My father drinks coffe every morning
20	Confuse	/k∂n'fᴐ:ᶾn/	Verb	Make somebody unable to think clearly	Her presentation make the student confuse about it

DEFINITION OF PROSE,TALE,SHORT STORY AND NOVEL”

DEFINITION OF PROSE,TALE,SHORT STORY AND NOVEL”

Literature is work art that use beautiful word by human being. It would seem that a definition of “literature” should be of urgent concern. Yet authors of books on literary theory provide no such adequate definition. This is likely to be due to the nature of language as much as to the incompetence of theorists. The lack of definition, which could be applied to all works regarded as literature, is not necessarily a bad thing. Many of the most useful words, in all languages, are useful precisely because they do not designate something very specific, but identify a rang of meanings is phenomena. Where would we be without words. We need words, such as ‘literature’and ‘literary’, indicating such family resemblances, to enable us to communicate information about individual differences to each other. The author have reason why they make work art in their life. The author can express their idea by imagination to show to reader about their work art. Imaginative Creative can be offered as an image of non-alienated labor, the intuitive,transcendental scope of the poetic mind can provide a living criticism of those rationalist or empiricist ideologies enslaved to fact. They consider several term what will they write in some work art before they show and publish to reader. They also choose ideology literature in their work art, the ideology such as marxism,feminism, and the other. We know , in literature have several type such as prose, tale, short story,novel and the other work art that can express and show by author. It is work art include of fiction and non fiction.

Fiction is the classification of story that created by human’s imagination. Fiction refers to prose stories based in imagination of authors. The work art fiction such as prose,tale,short story and novel, but prose also include in non-fiction. It has function to entertain, educate, and inspire the reader beyond in their daily activities. Every people can make work art fiction to show their imagination without structure that scientifically.Non fiction is work that make something to explore their idea in paper scientifically such as inspiration book, biography, article and the other. Non fiction is more scientifically, I think it can be used in academy.

The first part of literary fiction is prose, the word “prose” come from the latin expression prosa oratio which means straight forward or direct speech. Due to the definition of prose referring to straigh forward communication, “prosaic” ha come from to mean dull and common place disource. When used as a literary term, however, prose doe not carry this connotation.Prose is a form of language that no formal metrical structure. It applies a natural flow of speech, and ordinary grammatical structure rather than rhytmic structure, such as in the case of traditional poetry. In general, prose is a written word which is near to an ordinary,colloquial and oral speech and lack of a literary explanation, for example the prose of several inscriptions which is in a form of language and literary explanation in them that indicates the aim of creating a work in the form of Persian prose is not clear (Zarin Koob, 1986). Normal everyday speech is spoken in prose and most people think and write in prose form.prose comprises of full grammatical sentence and consist of paragraph. So, everyone can make work art prose to show to other people. In this prose, there for many type are nonfictional prose, fictional prose, heroic prose, and prose poetry.The author can write prose from some work poetry, novel, myth and the other work art of literature , so the author develop what the mean of prose with grammatical sentence that can be understood by reader when read the prose. Sometimes, the author put some work art to identify and analyze become prose that can be understood to the reader. For example in poetry by Robert Frost with the title is “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” . In poetry, the author can change this work art be prose fiction that be understood to reader, because the language is used of prose easily.

                        The second of literary fiction is tale, tale is comparatively simple narrative, either fiction or true, written or recounted orally in prose in verse. A tale often recounts a strange event, focusing on something or someone exotic, marvelous,or even supernatural. There are many kind of tales such as cumulative tales, talking beast tales, droll  and humorous, realistic tales, religious tales, romances, tales of magic, Pourqui tales, tall tales and folktales. Tales may be attributes to a particular author, whether their origin, tales tend to be relatively shorter narratives, nevertheless, the term is broad enough such that critics and authors have applied it to longer works ranging up to full length novels. The tale places more emphasis on actions and results than on character, which is the chief focus of a short story. Furthermore, tales are more casually constructed and consequently, far looser in terms of plot and structure than short stories, which bear mark of an author careful and conscious fashioning.It  is some story that not true, so it includes of some work art in literature. Sometimes, tale makes fantasy story to read of children.

                        Third of literary fiction is short story, short story is a work fiction that is shorter than novel, yet it also a complete narrative that focuses typically on a singe character. Unlike novels, which explore multipe plots and themes, short stories usually focus on a singgle theme or event. Deciding what exactly separates a short story from longer fictional formats is problematics. A classic definition of a short story is that one should be able to read it in one setting, the point most notably made in Edgar Allan Poe’s essay “Thomas Le Moineu (Le Moile)” (1846). Interpreting this standart nowdays is problematic, since the expected length of “Onne setting” may now be briefer than it was in Poe’s era. Other definition place the maximum word count of the short story at anywhere from 1.000 to 9.000 words.  The short is not merely a shortened novel. It shares, of course, the usual constiuent elements of all fiction, plot, character, and setting. These elements cannot be treated with the same setail as in a novel. Each element is to be reduced for an overall effect and impression. Hence, plot is confined to the essentials, the characters to the indispensable, and the setting to a few suggestive hints.

                        The last of literary fiction is novel, novel is a piece of prose fiction of a reasonable length. Even a definition as toothless as this, however is still too restricted. Not all novels are written in prose. There are novels in verse, like Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin or Vikram Set’s The Golden Gate. The point about the novel, however, is not just that it eludes definitions, but that it actively undermines them. it is less a genre than an anti genre. You can find poetry and dramatic dialogue in the novel, along with epic, pastoral, satire, history,elegy, tragedy and any number of other literary. On of the first great novels, then, warns us off novels. Reading fiction can drive you mad. If the reader read some novel, they can know about the character in the novel. They also feel, they are as actor in there. so, after they read it, they can tell the main point of novel. Every people can explore their experience in the work art for example in the novel.

                        In conclusion, literature is the work art with beautiful word are made by author to show to the reader. In there are two kind of literature fiction and non fiction. Fiction refers to prose stories based in imagination of authors. The work art fiction such as prose ,tale, short story and novel, but prose also include in non-fiction.

VOCABULARY B

Vocabulary B NO WORD TRANSCRIPT CLASS OF WORD MEANING SENTENCE 1 Big /big/ Adjective Something that large. She bring big bag. 2 Bad /baed/ Adjective Worse The pen is bad 3 Become /bi'kᴧm/ verb Linking verb begin to be something She will become a doctor 4 Brave /breiv/ Adjective Of a person willing to do things which are dangarous or painful My Father is brave to prevent our family from dangarous 5 Buy /bai/ verb Get something by paying money for it My mother bought vegetables in the market 6 Best /best/ Noun most excellent thing or person His idea to bring umbrella is best 7 Benefit /benifit/ Noun Advantage My brother gets benefit in his job 8 9 Back /baek/ Adverb Toward or at the back He come back from Collage 10 Balance /bael∂ns/ Noun Condition when two opposites are equal She can keep her balance on bamboo 11 Between /bi'twi:n/ Preposition in or into the space My nepnew sits between me and my mother. 12 Bowl /b∂ul/ Noun Deep round containerfor food or liquid My sister puts soup from bowl 13 Ball /bᴐ:l/ Noun Round object used in games They are playing ball in yard. 14 Break /breik/ verb Be damaged she has broken my book 15 By /bai/ Adverb at the side of The letter has written by him 16 Bear /be∂r/ Noun Animal with thick fur and sharp claws My family will come zoo to see a bear. 17 Book /buk/ verb Order something I will book the room in Hotel 18 Before /bi'fᴐ:/ Preposition Earlier than something He has studied enlishg before test. 19 Blue /blu;/ Adjective having the color of a clear My veil is blue 20 Beside /bi'said/ Preposition Next to or at the side somebody/something My car beside a him motorcycle.